[citation needed] More recent studies have demonstrated that Brunner’s glands are major modulators of the gut microbiome and systemic immunity.

Studies conducted by Ivan De Araujo’s laboratory revealed that Brunner’s gland secretions promote the proliferation of probiotics and protect the host against foreign pathogens.

[citation needed] Most patients with Brunner gland hamartomas are asymptomatic or have nonspecific complaints such as nausea, bloating, or vague abdominal pain.

[citation needed] Most reports in the literature describe local surgical resection of Brunner gland hamartoma via duodenotomy.

[citation needed] Consistent with the more recent idea that Brunner’s glands influence systemic immunity via the microbiome, patients who had the duodenal bulb removed (where the glands are mostly located) showed greater alterations in immune factors compared to patients having  more distal parts of the duodenum removed.