Born in Osasco,[1] Caboclo was raised in Barueri and Pirapora do Bom Jesus in the state of São Paulo.

[3] In January 2013, Caboclo linked up with coach Rafael Franco at Score Academy in Raleigh, North Carolina.

Coach Franco told Caboclo he had to be aggressive and had to rebound, and the scoring would come, and was temporarily banned from shooting threes.

[3] In April 2013, Caboclo returned to Brazil and signed with Pinheiros of the Novo Basquete Brasil (NBB).

[23] He was then added to the training camp roster of the Rockets’ G League affiliate, the Rio Grande Valley Vipers.

[27] On March 25 he recorded his first double-double and scored a career high 24 points against the Oklahoma City Thunder.

[31] On February 26, 2021 Limoges CSP officially announced signing Bruno Caboclo for the rest of the season.

On August 12, 2021, Caboclo signed with São Paulo FC of the Novo Basquete Brasil (NBB).

[36] Following his successful year in Brazil, Caboclo participated in the 2022 NBA Summer League with the Utah Jazz.

[39] On November 4, 2022, Caboclo was named to the opening night roster for the Mexico City Capitanes of the NBA G League.

[41] On January 5, 2023, Caboclo signed a multi-year deal with Ratiopharm Ulm of the German Basketball Bundesliga (BBL).

[42] Caboclo was a key player in Ulm' 2023 German championship-winning team,[43] averaging 14,9 points and 6.3 rebounds in Bundesliga play.

[45] On June 30, 2023, Caboclo put pen to paper on a contract with Umana Reyer Venezia of the Italian Serie A.