mature alongside climax canopy species in a mosaic pattern in spaces left by the fall of large trees.

[2][6][12] The forest is threatened by illegal logging, charcoal burning, hunting, mining and it is feared that it may succumb to settlement and agriculture.

[1][2][5][11][12][13][14][15] The situation is worsened by an influx of Congolese refugees,[16] and burgeoning large-scale tea, sugarcane, rice and tobacco farms on its outskirts that infringe on the reserve boundaries.

[17][1][2][11][14][18] In March 2012 some 1,500 land invaders were evicted, but by December 2013 some of them were returning to start subsistence cultivation and pit sawing.

[19] In August 2020, Nema issued a certificate to Hoima Sugar Company to turn 22 sq miles of the forest into sugarcane plantation, an urban trading and settlement centre among others.

[12] Kabalega Hydro Electric power dam was constructed on River Wambabya that produces 9 mega watts in Buseruka Subcounty.

[5][12] In 2021, the UNCHR partnered with NFA to replant trees and managed to restore 50 hectares of Bugoma forest cover.

[3] The construction of the 897-mile (1,443 kilometer) East African Crude Oil Pipeline (EACOP) faced resistance by climate activists and environmentalists that is supposed to originate from the oil fields of Hoima passing through Wambabya, Bugoma and Taala Central Forest Reserves and in Uganda to Tanga in Tanzania.