In mathematics, in the area of quantum information geometry, the Bures metric (named after Donald Bures)[1] or Helstrom metric (named after Carl W. Helstrom)[2] defines an infinitesimal distance between density matrix operators defining quantum states.
It is a quantum generalization of the Fisher information metric, and is identical to the Fubini–Study metric[3] when restricted to the pure states alone.
The Bures metric may be defined as where
is the Hermitian 1-form operator implicitly given by which is a special case of a continuous Lyapunov equation.
Some of the applications of the Bures metric include that given a target error, it allows the calculation of the minimum number of measurements to distinguish two different states[4] and the use of the volume element as a candidate for the Jeffreys prior probability density[5] for mixed quantum states.
The Bures distance is the finite version of the infinitesimal square distance described above and is given by where the fidelity function is defined as[6] Another associated function is the Bures arc also known as Bures angle, Bures length or quantum angle, defined as which is a measure of the statistical distance[7] between quantum states.
When both density operators are diagonal (so that they are just classical probability distributions), then let
with the Bures length becoming the Wootters distance
[8] Perform a change of variables with
are restricted to move on the positive quadrant of a unit hypersphere.
So, the geodesics are just the great circles on the hypersphere, and we also obtain the Wootters distance formula.
If both density operators are pure states,
, and we obtain the quantum version of Wootters distance
[9] In particular, the direct Bures distance between any two orthogonal states is
, while the Bures distance summed along the geodesic path connecting them is
The Bures metric can be seen as the quantum equivalent of the Fisher information metric and can be rewritten in terms of the variation of coordinate parameters as which holds as long as
In cases where they do not have the same rank, there is an additional term on the right hand side.
is the Symmetric logarithmic derivative operator (SLD) defined from[12] In this way, one has where the quantum Fisher metric (tensor components) is identified as The definition of the SLD implies that the quantum Fisher metric is 4 times the Bures metric.
are components of the Bures metric tensor, one has As it happens with the classical Fisher information metric, the quantum Fisher metric can be used to find the Cramér–Rao bound of the covariance.
The actual computation of the Bures metric is not evident from the definition, so, some formulas were developed for that purpose.
For 2x2 and 3x3 systems, respectively, the quadratic form of the Bures metric is calculated as[13] For general systems, the Bures metric can be written in terms of the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the density matrix
as[14][15] as an integral,[16] or in terms of Kronecker product and vectorization,[17] where
denotes conjugate transpose.
This formula holds for invertible density matrices.
For non-invertible density matrices, the inverse above is substituted by the Moore-Penrose pseudoinverse.
Alternatively, the expression can be also computed by performing a limit on a certain mixed and thus invertible state.
The state of a two-level system can be parametrized with three variables as where
is the (three-dimensional) Bloch vector satisfying
The components of the Bures metric in this parametrization can be calculated as The Bures measure can be calculated by taking the square root of the determinant to find which can be used to calculate the Bures volume as The state of a three-level system can be parametrized with eight variables as where
the 8-dimensional Bloch vector satisfying certain constraints.