By-law

The higher authority, generally a legislature or some other government body, establishes the degree of control that the by-laws may exercise.

By-laws may be established by entities such as a business corporation, a neighbourhood association, or depending on the jurisdiction, a municipality.

In the United Kingdom and some Commonwealth countries, the local laws established by municipalities are referred to as by(e)-laws because their scope is regulated by the central governments of those nations.

[2] However, it is also possible that this usage was forgotten and the word was "reinvented" in modern times through the use of the adverbial prefix by- giving the meaning of subsidiary law or side-law (as in byway).

[2] In any case, it is incorrect to claim that the word is related to the prepositional phrase "by law"; that is a modern conjecture contradicted by the evidence.

Under Article 94 of the Constitution of Japan, regional governments have limited autonomy and legislative powers to create by-laws.

A common mnemonic device for remembering the typical articles in by-laws is NOMOMECPA, pronounced "No mommy, see pa!

"[10][11] It stands for name, object, members, officers, meetings, executive board, committees, parliamentary authority, amendment.

[16] In parliamentary procedure, including Robert's Rules of Order, the by-laws are generally the supreme governing document of an organization, superseded only by the charter of an incorporated society.