Caleb Baldwin (April 8, 1824 – December 15, 1876) was a justice of the Iowa Supreme Court from January 11, 1860, to December 31, 1863, serving as chief justice from 1862 to 1863, appointed from Pottawattamie County, Iowa.
He elected prosecuting attorney of Jefferson County, Iowa, for three successive terms.
In 1855, Governor James W. Grimes appointed Baldwin to a seat on the Iowa District Court vacated by the resignation of W. H. Seevers.
In 1865 he was appointed by President Abraham Lincoln to serve as United States attorney for the District of Iowa.
In 1874 he was appointed as a judge of the Court of Commissioners of the Alabama Claims, which position he occupied until his death.