Campus police (US and Canada)

[citation needed] The development of the modern model for campus policing arose out of a variety of social, historical, and political factors.

[6] In addition to increases in enrollment, the antiwar, civil rights, and other protest movements of the 1960s and 1970s similarly contributed to the development and evolution of campus policing as it is known today.

It was during this time that colleges and universities began to hire former members of law enforcement and the military to control student protesters.

[10]  The evolution of campus police forces into seemingly more professional entities was also made evident in changes to uniform policies.

[11] The goal of making campus police more professional, similarly included the employment and recruitment of retired law enforcement officials.

[11] Along with protest movements, there remains additional factors that ultimately contributed to the expansion, professionalization, and militarization of campus police forces.

[citation needed] The Virginia Tech shooting of 2007, in which 32 people were killed and another 17 wounded, garnered media attention at the international level and consequently brought about various changes to how policing is conducted on college campuses.

[13] In the aftermath of the massacre, various task force reports were conducted to create policy recommendations for universities, the state, and specifically for campus police, in preparation for the next Virginia Tech.

[15] A 2015 US Department of Justice special report was compiled to examine the role and data of campus police in their response to shootings such as the Virginia Tech incident, and others.

[16] To date, there is little-to-no empirical evidence suggesting that the presence of armed police officers deters campus shootings.

[19] As of 2020, over 85 student unions and groups have made calls to their respective campus administrators to end their associations with university and city police departments.