For example, High Tory loyalist & occasional poet Thomas H. Higginson of Vankleek Hill, Ontario, produced paeans to Sir Francis Bond Head (Wm.
In 1857, Charles Heavysege attracted international (British and American) attention for his verse drama Mari na de Saul.
Isabella Valancy Crawford, Frederick George Scott, Francis Sherman, and Annie Campbell Huestis are also sometimes associated with this group.
In 1907 Robert W. Service's Songs of a Sourdough, Kipling-type verse about the Klondike Gold Rush, became enormously popular: the book would go on to sell more than three million copies in the 20th century.
Smith, A.M. Klein, and F. R. Scott) helped inspire the development of modernist poetry in Montreal through the McGill Fortnightly Review and the 1936 anthology New Provinces.
Meanwhile, some maturing authors such as Irving Layton, Raymond Souster, and Louis Dudek, moved in a different direction, adopting colloquial speech in their work.
The late 1960s and early 1970s saw greater experimentation from poets such as bpNichol, Lionel Kearns, David UU, Joe Rosenblatt, Steve McCaffery, Judith Copithorne and bill bissett.
The TISH Poetry movement in Vancouver brought about poetic innovation from Jamie Reid, George Bowering, Fred Wah, Frank Davey, Daphne Marlatt, and David Cull.
Since the 1990s, several Governor General's Award-winning poets, in particular Jan Zwicky and Tim Lilburn, have been engaged in nonfiction writing that maps the relationships between poetry and philosophy.
The Jackpine Sonnet is a form devised by Milton Acorn, designed to be as irregular and spikey (and Canadian) as a jack pine tree, but with internal structure and integrity.
The first book written in verse by a Canadian was Épîtres, Satires, Chansons, Épigrammes et Autres Pièces de vers by Michel Bibaud, published in 1830.
At the same time, Pamphile Le May was writing intimist poetry about the simple farm life and Alfred Garneau wrote his feelings.
Outside Montreal, other poets, such as Nérée Beauchemin (1850–1931) continued Pamphile Le May's depiction of the life of the habitants, followed by Alfred Desrochers (1901–1978), a precursor to the "pays" school of poetry of Gaston Miron.
In 1937, Hector de Saint-Denys Garneau published the first book of modernist poetry in French Canada, Regards et Jeux dans l'espace.
[4][5] This was followed by the formation of Les Automatistes movement, a militant group of poets, painters and dancers, and the Surrealist-inspired manifesto Refus Global of 1948.