As the sea receded southwards, in the sub-recent geological period, a large low-lying plain got exposed.

The periodical collapse of both the natural levees and man-made embankments speed up the process of filling up of the depressions containing brackish water wetlands.

Embankments raised along rivers are of critical importance for the safety of lives and protection of crops, against daily tides and tidal surges.

Technologically the embankment structures are weak and there is need of proper drainage of accumulated rain water through sluice gates.

[8] Gram panchayats of Canning II CD block/panchayat samiti are: Atharobanki, Deuli-I, Deuli-II, Kalikatala, Matherdighi, Narayanpur, Sarengabad, Tambuldaha-I and Tambuldaha-II.

[9] As per 2011 Census of India, Canning II CD block had a total population of 252,523, of which 241,333 were rural and 11,182 were urban.

[10] As per 2001 Census of India, Canning II CD block had a total population of 195,967, out of which 100,172 were males and 95,795 were females.

[10] Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Canning II CD block (2011 census figures in brackets): Kalugachhi (4,395), Mallik Kati (4,683), Chandibari (4,948), Miagheri (4,134), Haora Mari (4,136), Netra (4,154), Iswaripur (7,955), Nagartala (10,419), Patikhali (8,937), Bibir Abad (4,543), Saranger Abad (12,299), Maukhali (7,996), Jogendra Nagar (15,112), Kalikatala (17,598), Mather Dighi (13,524), Daharani (11,231), Atharobanki (13,503), Gabbuni (5,542), Banamalipur (5,271) and Narayanpur (9,468).

[10] Other villages in Canning II CD block include (2011 census figures in brackets): Jibantala (2,355), Deuli (2,753) and Tambul Daha (928).

[15] As per 2001 Census of India, Canning II CD Block had a total literacy of 52.36 per cent for the 6+ age group.

[16] In the 2011 Census of India, Muslims numbered 169,389 and formed 67.08% of the population in Canning II CD block.

[21] The District Human Development Report points out that in the blocks of region situated in the close proximity of the Kolkata metropolis, overwhelming majority are involved in the non-agricultural sector for their livelihood.

It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.

[23] There are 61 inhabited villages in Canning II CD block, as per the District Census Handbook, South Twenty-four Parganas, 2011.

57 villages (93.44%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones).

[24] South 24 Parganas had played a significant role in the Tebhaga movement launched by the Communist Party of India in 1946.

[27] In 2013-14, there were 70 fertiliser depots, 10 seed stores and 42 fair price shops in Canning II CD block.

[28] In Canning II CD block, in 2013-14, net area under effective pisciculture was 7,304 hectares, engaging 54,720 persons in the profession, and with an approximate annual production of 161,356 quintals.

The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development.

[33] Certain areas of South 24 Parganas district have been identified where ground water is affected by Arsenic Contamination.

[34] High levels of arsenic in ground water were found in twelve CD blocks of the district.

Water samples collected from tubewells in the affected places contained arsenic above the normal level (10 micrograms per litre as specified by the World Health Organization).