Monomakh's Cap

One alternative account classifies it as of Central Asian origin (from the ethnological or cultural point of view); this has led some modern scholars to view the crown as a gift from Uzbeg Khan of the Golden Horde (r. 1313–1341) to his brother-in-law, Grand Prince of Moscow Ivan Kalita[1] (r. 1325–1340) during Mongol-Tatar yoke era after the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' of 1223-1241.

[2] Boris Uspensky (1996) in particular argues that the Tatar headgear was originally used in coronation ceremonies to signify the Muscovite ruler's subordination to the khan.

In the early part of the 16th century The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir elaborated the legend, which reinforced the 15th-century claims for the "Moscow as the Third Rome" political theory.

Vernadsky was pointing to an interesting fact that according to Paul Pelliot Özbäg can be interpreted as a freeman (maître de sa personne).

According to Aleksandr Andreevich Spitsyn [ru] (1858-1931), possibly the cap was initially topped with the similar cross of the Jani Beg crown, however account of the German ambassador of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, Sigismund von Herberstein (known for his Notes on Muscovite Affairs, published in 1549) does not support that view.

Monomakh's Cap in the foreground and Kazan Cap in the background
Russian regalia used prior to the Great Imperial Crown. The crown is styled after the Monomakh Cap, and was made for Tsar Michael Fyodorovich by Kremlin masters in 1627. The orb and sceptre are of Western-European origin [ citation needed ] and may have been given to Tsar Boris Godunov in 1604.