Carl Vilhelm Ludwig Charlier (1 April 1862 – 4 November 1934) was a Swedish astronomer.

His parents were Emmerich Emanuel and Aurora Kristina (née Hollstein) Charlier.

Several of his pupils became statisticians, working at universities and in government and companies.

In the resulting Lambert-Charlier Hierarchical Cosmology, increasingly large areas of space contain decreasing densities of matter, the principle being introduced to avoid the observational inconsistency that would otherwise emerge from Olbers's paradox.

Late in his career, he translated Isaac Newton's Principia into Swedish.