Carlos de Grunenbergh

He was eventually appointed as the military engineer of the Viceroy of Sicily, and he designed or modified various fortifications in the last few decades of the century, including the walls of Augusta, Messina and Catania.

[1] In 1681, Grunenbergh was invited to Malta by Gregorio Carafa, the Grand Master of the Order of Saint John.

[2] The improvements included the addition of batteries to the fortifications of Valletta[3] and Senglea,[4] and the construction of the Carafa Enceinte around Fort Saint Elmo.

[5] Grunenbergh came to Malta again in 1687, and designed and paid for the construction of batteries and other major alterations to Fort St Angelo.

[8] Grunenbergh directed the reconstruction of various fortifications in Sicily following the devastating earthquake of 1693, including the walls of Augusta and Syracuse.