Cattle wagon

[2] The transportation of large and small animals required special fittings – air vents, means of tethering, drinking facilities and viewing ports – in order to avoid quantitative and qualitative losses.

Having started using slow horse-drawn carts on muddy roads, in the late 19th century railways became a viable option for shipping racehorses quickly over longer distances.

In 1905, former president of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons J Wortley Axe wrote that loud conditions on board and short tethers used to restrain the animals seemed intentionally designed to spook horses.

Hence the stables and railway companies introduced the protective leg wraps, shipping blankets, and head bumpers which are common today.

Holocaust trains were railway transports run by the Deutsche Reichsbahn national railway system under the strict supervision of the German Nazis and their allies, for the purpose of forcible deportation of the Jews, as well as other victims of the Holocaust, to the German Nazi concentration, forced labour, and extermination camps.