The governorate was located in the south of the European part of the Russian Empire.

In 1822, the governorate was abolished and transformed into Caucasus Oblast, with the administrative center in Stavropol.

[1] In terms of modern administrative divisions of Russia, the area of Caucasus Governorate is currently split between Stavropol and Krasnodar Krais, Rostov Oblast, and the Republics of Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia–Alania, Ingushetia, Chechnya, Dagestan, and Kalmykia, with the major part of it being located in Stavropol Krai.

On November 15, 1802 Caucasus Governorate with the administrative center in Georgiyevsk was created.

On July 24, 1822 the governorate was transformed into Caucasus Oblast, with the same borders, and its seat was moved to the city of Stavropol.