[6] Most cephalopods possess complex extraocular muscle systems that allow for very fine control over the gross positioning of the eyes.
[1] Several types of cephalopods, most notably squid and octopuses, and potentially cuttlefish, have eyes that can distinguish the orientation of polarized light.
In contrast, the vertebrate eye is normally insensitive to polarization differences because the opsins in rods and cones are arrayed semi-randomly.
[7] The precise function of this ability has not been proven, but it is hypothesized to be for prey detection, navigation, and possibly communication among the color-changing cephalopods.
Those maintaining that it is a parallel evolution state that there is evidence that there was a common ancestor containing the genetic information for this eye development.
[9] Those supporting a convergent evolution state that this common ancestor would have preceded both cephalopods and vertebrates by a significant margin.