[1] In 1619, Ligdan Khan attacked Guangning, a horse trading town under the protection of Nurhaci.

However he was turned back and forced further west, where he attacked the Tumed Mongols, taking Köke Khota from Boshtu Khan.

In 1634, he fled west but died of smallpox at Qinghai Lake, and the Chahars were incorporated into the Eight Banners.

[4] The defeat of Ligdan Khan in 1634, in addition to winning the allegiance of the Southern Mongol hordes, brought a vast supply of horses to the Qing dynasty (renamed from the Later Jin dynasty in 1636), while denying the same supply to the Ming.

The Qing also captured the Great Seal of the Mongol Khans, giving them the opportunity to portray themselves as heirs of the Yuan dynasty as well.