In 1616, Nurhaci established the Later Jin dynasty and ruled as its founding khan, and he renounced Ming overlordship with the Seven Grievances in 1618.

After the dissolution of the Nurgan Regional Military Commission in the 15th century, the Ming dynasty adopted a political strategy of divide and rule for different Jurchen tribes.

At this point the Ming intervened and decided to open separate markets to divide and weaken their authority over the Hulun.

Previously subordinates of Wang Gao, Giocangga and his son Taksi secretly allied themselves with Li Chengliang to enhance their power.

[5] The Ming claimed it was an accident and refused to hand over Nikan Wailan over to Taksi's son, Nurhaci, although they did provide him with some gifts and investiture as reparation.

[1] Early in 1583, Nurhaci obtained from Ming general Li Chengliang the right to succeed his father as a minor Jurchen chieftain.

Nurhaci continued to expand his influence by steadily wiping out smaller tribes while at the same time currying favor with the Ming.

His offer to fight against the Japanese was denied due to misgivings from the Koreans,[9] but the Ming awarded Nurhaci the title of dragon-tiger general (龍虎將軍) along with the Hada leader.

[10] In 1587, Nurhaci founded a new capital at Fe Ala. By 1591, he controlled a swathe of territory stretching from Fushun to the Yalu River.

[12] The last major Jurchen tribe, the Yehe, would not be subjugated until 1619, three years after Nurhaci declared himself khan of the Later Jin dynasty (or Amaga Aisin Gurun in Manchu).