This can be used in various applications, such as the issues discovered in the quantum area as regards light ions developed by the Brinkman-Kramers theory.
In fusion plasmas, the light elements tend to become fully ionized during operation, which makes it challenging to diagnose their properties using conventional optical diagnostics.
To address this, a method was developed in the 1970s which involves the injection of a beam of neutral atoms, such as hydrogen or deuterium, into the plasma.
[4] This process results in the ionization of hydrogenic atoms the excitation of ions through charge exchange, as represented by the reaction: where
The technique can also be extended to include multiple chords to build spatial profiles of the plasma, such as its toroidal and poloidal rotation.