Charles Frederick Barclay (May 9, 1844 – March 9, 1914) was a Republican U.S. Representative from the state of Pennsylvania.

He attended the Painted Post High School and Coudersport Academy.

During the Civil War, he enlisted as a private in Company K, One-Hundred and Forty-ninth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, in 1862 and served until 1865, when he was mustered out with the rank of captain.

With an elder brother, he was engaged extensively in the lumber business in Sinnamahoning, Pennsylvania.

Barclay was elected as a Republican to the Sixtieth and Sixty-first Congresses.