According to some, Kariouane's hospitality and cordiality with the French settlers upset other indigenous villages, particularly in St. Vincent, who embarked on occasional raids and attacks of the colonists.
The early 1600s, however, soon saw the arrival of the more economically aggressive English, Dutch and the French, who came to challenge the Spanish supremacy in the area.
These nations had chosen to cross the "poison arrow curtain" and face the Kalinago forces believing that their islands would be easier to conquer than the Spanish fortified settlements on the Greater Antilles.
[3] The Kalinagos, confronted with what was now a war of retreat, reorganized their communities for a protracted conflict and chose even smaller islands which they could defend more effectively.
In March, the French governor of Martinique, Jacques du Parquet, arrived with a strong contingent and in a week erected the first settlement at Port Louis.