[1]: 386–387 In the early 21st century, global interest in non-Western developments in international relations theory increased.
[2]: 193 Elements of Realist thinking include the view that the international system is competitive, that there is no higher authority than the state to provide security from invasion, and that states must carefully observe changes to the international balance of power to remain aware of threats and opportunities.
[2]: 193–194 The Chinese school incorporates concepts such as Zhao Tingyang's interpretation of tianxia as a model for universal governance which he believes can lead to a more inclusive and harmonious world order.
[2]: 198 Symbiotic theory holds that the world is inherently pluralistic and diverse, with multiple cultures, value systems, and civilizations.
[2]: 198 Adherents of this aspect of the Chinese school maintain that symbiotic theory offers a means for states to supersede the Westphalian dynamics of conflict.