[1] She is a graduate of Smith College and holds a Ph.D. in political science,[1] awarded by Columbia University, Department of Public Law and Government.
[2][citation needed] In 1956, she became an instructor in the department of social sciences at New York City Community College.
Next she served as a research assistant for the Council for Atomic Age Studies from 1961 to 1963.
[citation needed] During the 1960s she worked with Alvin Weinberg at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL),[3][4] where she conducted civil defense research related to the potential societal aftereffects of a nuclear weapons attack.
[citation needed] She served as a chairman of the board of directors of the Council for Responsible Genetics[6] from 1994–1996, is a trustee of Safety Systems, and was an editor for Sage Publications.