Cloacal exstrophy (CE) is a severe birth defect wherein much of the abdominal organs (the bladder and intestines) are exposed.

[2] Diagnostic tests can include ultrasound, voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG), intravenous pyelogram (IVP), nuclear renogram, computerized axial tomography (CT scan), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

[5] Many individuals who are born with XY cloacal exstrophy are assigned female at birth due to the appearance of the external genitalia.

[6][7] Performing genital surgery on intersex infants for cosmetic purposes is considered a human rights violation by the World Health Organization.

[10] According to a 2015 article in The Boston Globe, Wiliam Reiner has followed up on the sexual orientations of approximately 70 genetic males who were raised as females.