Closed-cone conifer forest

A Closed-cone conifer forest or woodland is a plant community occurring in coastal California and several offshore islands.

Knobcone pine (Pinus attenuata) forests can occur further inland, on dry, rocky soils.

Closed-cone pine forests of California are located in cool-summer Mediterranean climate regions along the coast with cool wet winters and hot, dry summers.

Despite the fact that the summers are dry, the air is consistently humid due to frequent coastal fog brought in by interior heat.

One family commonly having serotiny due to shoot death is Cupressaceae, while the genus Pinus generally has seritony to fire/heat.

Due to the relatively short lifespan of closed-cone pines, many dead trunks and snags are available and attract a whole host of wildlife ranging from woodpeckers, titmice, chickadees, warblers, squirrels, chipmunks, raccoons, mountain lions, deer and many others.