Co-simulation

As the calculation load is shared among simulators, co-simulation also enables the possibility of large-scale system assessment.

Harmonization, adaptation, and eventually changes of actual employed standards and protocols in individual models needs to be done to be able to integrate into the holistic framework.

Master algorithm (where exists) is responsible for instantiating the simulators and for orchestrating the information exchange (simulator-simulator or simulator-orchestrator).

In general, operational integration is used in co-simulation for a specific problem and aims for interoperability at dynamic and technical layers (i.e. signal exchange).

Formal integration often involves a master federate to orchestrate the semantic and syntactic of the interaction among simulators.

From a dynamic and technical point of view, it is necessary to consider the synchronization techniques and communication patterns in the process of implementation.