Coal pier

Dedicated coal piers began to be constructed in the 1880s at ports on the Atlantic Coast and Great Lakes in the United States, and many of these survive (though highly modified) to the present.

In Virginia, beginning in 1881, coal piers, operated by the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O) on the Virginia Peninsula at Newport News and in South Hampton Roads by the Norfolk and Western (N&W) and Virginian Railway (VGN) at Norfolk, made the port of Hampton Roads the largest shipping point of coal in the world by 1930.

[3] Lighthouse Resources (formerly Ambre Energy) of Salt Lake City dropped their Morrow Pacific project proposed for Boardman, Oregon, in May, 2016.

[4] The US Army Corps of Engineers sided with the Lummi nation in denying a permit for the Gateway Pacific Terminal in May, 2016.

[6] Millennium Bulk Terminals proposed for Longview, Washington, lost a permit appeal in March 2020.