The raid also captured New Haven and Black Rock Fort, but a subordinate of Tryon's limited his activities to destruction of military-related stores and ignored orders to burn the city.

[16] In Fairfield, Fort Black Rock was besieged but not taken, but was unable to prevent the British from entering the town by another route.

[19] The British were able to blockade New London for the duration of the war, keeping three warships under Stephen Decatur bottled up in the Thames River.

Decatur had an earthwork fort (named for himself) built on Allyn's Mountain in Gales Ferry, just north of Groton.

Although heavily fortified locations were not attacked in the War of 1812, the British managed to bypass or suppress the weak defenses at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay and burn Washington, DC.

It was designed by Joseph Totten and built under the supervision of George W. Cullum, both officers of the Army Corps of Engineers.

Totten was the leading American fort designer of his day, and Cullum would later become superintendent of the US Military Academy at West Point.

The Board of Fortifications was convened in 1885 under Secretary of War William Crowninshield Endicott to develop recommendations for a full replacement of existing coast defenses.

[32] Fort Terry received a single 4.72-inch (120 mm)/45 caliber Armstrong gun, purchased from the United Kingdom.

[35] Naval and related facilities grew in importance in the Long Island Sound area from the Endicott era through World War II.

Stateside garrisons were drawn down to provide experienced gun crews on the Western Front, mostly using French- and British-made weapons.

References indicate the authorized strength of CD Long Island Sound in World War I was 38 companies, including 13 from the Connecticut National Guard.

[6] During and after World War I two- or three-gun antiaircraft batteries armed with M1917 3-inch (76 mm) guns on fixed mounts were built at some forts.

During World War I, in response to rapid improvements in dreadnought battleships, the Coast Artillery developed a new weapon, the 16-inch gun M1919 (406 mm).

All subsequent US 16-inch gun installations used the high-angle carriage, and no further disappearing emplacements of any kind were built for the Coast Artillery.

[5][7] The 11th Coast Artillery was the Regular Army component of HD Long Island Sound from 1 July 1924 through 25 February 1944.

The garrison level was unusually high for the period, because the fort's offshore location made it suitable for frequent live fire practice.

The 242nd Coast Artillery was the Connecticut National Guard component of HD Long Island Sound from 14 September 1923 through 7 October 1944.

[40] Early in World War II numerous temporary buildings were again constructed to accommodate the rapid mobilization of men and equipment.

[49] The camp was built in great secrecy, and its buildings were arranged randomly so as not to resemble a military installation to enemy reconnaissance or espionage.

These included heavy earth-covered concrete bunkers for ammunition and fire control, with the guns protected by open-back shields.

[29] Two 155 mm (6.1 inch) batteries with four guns each were emplaced in HD Long Island Sound in 1942 to quickly provide some defense at key points.

[29] At least five 90 mm gun (3.5 inch) Anti-Motor Torpedo Boat (AMTB) batteries were built in the Long Island Sound area.

[53] The removal of most weapons and an Army-wide shift from a regimental to a battalion-based system meant more organizational changes in Long Island Sound's defenses.

Fort Terry was an Army biological warfare laboratory from 1952 to 1954, at which time it became the Plum Island Animal Disease Center of the US Department of Agriculture.

[56] Fort Michie and Great Gull Island were acquired by the American Museum of Natural History to study migratory terns in 1949, and the program remains in place.

Battery 215 remains at the west end of the island, and nearby is the bolt circle for the 15-inch dynamite gun, the only intact emplacement of its type.

Fort Michie and its unique 16-inch disappearing emplacement are well preserved, but the island is owned by the American Museum of Natural History to study migratory terns, and can only be visited by prior arrangement.

Much of Fort Terry was reused by the Animal Disease Center and the batteries remain intact, but Plum Island's future is uncertain and it currently requires prior arrangement to visit.

Fort Mansfield remains at the end of Napatree Point in Westerly, Rhode Island, but part of it has succumbed to beach erosion.