[2] Parishes established by Black communicants during this period of time were chartered as Colored Episcopal Missions.
The duality of the Church encouraged a separate cultivation of Black religious life through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
It encouraged the separate parishes while depriving African Americans a voice or representation in church governance.
[citation needed] Established in 2003, the Virginia Theological Seminary Archives and the Historical Society of the Episcopal Church jointly manage the African American Episcopal Historical Collection.
The collection contains the personal papers, institutional records, oral histories and photographs of many historically black missions.