Compound prism

A compound prism is a set of multiple triangular prism elements placed in contact, and often cemented together to form a solid assembly.

[1] The use of multiple elements gives several advantages to an optical designer:[2] The simplest compound prism is a doublet, consisting of two elements in contact, as shown in the figure at right.

A ray of light passing through the prism is refracted at the first air-glass interface, again at the interface between the two glasses, and a final time at the exiting glass-air interface.

While one can produce direct vision dispersion from doublet prisms, there is typically significant displacement of the beam (shown as a separation between the two dashed horizontal lines in the y direction).

Mathematically, one can calculate

by concatenating the Snell's law equations at each interface,[2] so that the deviation angle is a nonlinear function of the glass refractive indices

, the prism elements' apex angles

indicates that the prism is inverted (the apex points downward).

and prism apex angle

, so that the nonlinear equation in the deviation angle

can be approximated by the linear form (See also prism deviation and dispersion.)

If we further assume that the wavelength dependence to the refractive index is approximately linear, then the dispersion can be written as where

are the dispersion and Abbe number of element

The central wavelength of the spectrum is denoted

Doublet prisms are often used for direct-vision dispersion.

In order to design such a prism, we let

, and simultaneously solving equations

gives from which one can obtain the element apex angles

from the mean refractive indices of the glasses chosen: Note that this formula is only accurate under the small angle approximation.

While the doublet prism is the simplest compound prism type, the double-Amici prism is much more common.

This prism is a three-element system (a triplet), in which the first and third elements share both the same glass and the same apex angles.

The design layout is thus symmetric about the plane passing through the center of its second element.

Due to its symmetry, the linear design equations (under the small angle approximation) for the double-Amici prism differ from those of the doublet prism only by a factor of 2 in front of the first term in each equation:[2] Thus, we can derive the expressions for the prism angles using these linear equations, giving The exact nonlinear equation for the deviation angle

is obtained by concatenating the refraction equations obtained at each interface: The ray deviation angle is given by

The double-Amici prism is a symmetric form of the more general triplet prism, in which the apex angles and glasses of the two outer elements may differ (see the figure at right).

Although triplet prisms are rarely found in optical systems, their added degrees of freedom beyond the double-Amici design allow for improved dispersion linearity.

The deviation angle of the triplet prism is obtained by concatenating the refraction equations at each interface:[6][7] Here to the ray deviation angle is given by