Concrete hinge

[1] The high rotations[2][3] result from controlled tensile cracks as well as creep.

[1][3] Janßen introduced the application of concrete hinges in tunnel engineering.

[8][3] Gladwell developed another guideline for narrowing cross sections, which predicts a stiffer behaviour than the Leonhardt/Janßen-model[3] Marx and Schacht translated Leonhardts guidelines for the first time in the nowadays used semipropablistic safteyconcept.

Schlappal,[3] Kalliauer[1] and coworkers introduced for the first time both limit caces (service-limit-states (SLS) and ultimate-limite-states (ULS)).

Kaufmann, Markić und Bimschas did further studies on concrete hinges.