[4] Repeated concussions are known to cause neurological disorders, particularly chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), which in professional athletes has led to premature retirement, erratic behavior and even suicide.
[3] It typically give signs and symptoms of a post-concussion syndrome (visual, motor, or sensory abnormalities and difficulties with cognitive processes).
[11][12][13] Repeated concussions have been linked to a variety of neurological disorders among athletes, including chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), Alzheimer's disease, Parkinsonism and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
[16] In addition, returning to sports with impaired sensorimotor function after experiencing a sports-related concussion increases the risk of sustaining musculoskeletal (MSK) injuries.
[33] The league's policy included the "NFL Sidelines Concussion Exam", which requires players who have taken hits to the head to perform tests of concentration, thinking and balance.
Full football activity/clearance"[36] Almost every team has experienced a player who will "keep playing, then manage to stumble off the field, unnoticed by the coaches, cameras or press.
"[37] According to Johns Hopkins University, a study took place which "researchers recruited nine former NFL players who retired decades ago and who ranged in age from 57 to 74.
[39][40] A multi-year study by the University of Colorado published in JAMA Pediatrics confirmed that athlete-to-athlete collisions that occur during heading, not impact with the ball itself, is generally the cause for concussion.
[42] During the 2006-07 English Premier League season, Czech goalkeeper Petr Čech suffered from a severe concussion in a match between his club Chelsea and Reading.
Čech resumed his goalkeeper duties on 20 January 2007 in a match against Liverpool, now wearing a rugby helmet to protect his weakened skull.
Reluctantly manager Andre Villas Boas decided to leave the player on after regaining consciousness and having passed a medical assessment.
[45] The death of Dale Earnhardt at the 2001 Daytona 500, along with those of Kenny Irwin, Adam Petty and Tony Roper in 2000, and serious injuries sustained by Steve Park in a wreck in September 2001 at Darlington, led to NASCAR establishing policies to assist in driver safety such as the introduction of the Car of Tomorrow.
[49] Major League Baseball's (MLB) policy started in 2007, with injured players examined by a team athletic trainer on the field.
[54] The players and staff must have annual education on topics surrounding concussion during play, including mechanisms of injury, signs, symptoms and interventions.
[62] At the Mayo Clinic Sports Medicine Center Ice Hockey Summit: Action on Concussion conference in 2010, a panel made a recommendation that blows to the head are to be prohibited, and to outlaw body checking by 11- and 12-year-olds.
[64] Dr. Paul Echlin and Dr. Martha Shenton of Brigham and Women's Hospital and other researchers, conducted a study where "Forty-five male and female Canadian university hockey players were observed by independent physicians during the 2011–2012 season.
The scans found microscopic white matter and inflammatory changes in the brains of individuals who had sustained a clinically diagnosed concussion during the period of the study.
Many children and teenagers participate in sports and extracurricular activities that create a risk of a head injury or concussion, including basketball, cheerleading, soccer, and football.
Concussion may results in myriad symptoms including difficulty concentrating, focusing, and remembering, that are typically managed with rest from daily activities.
[86] Banyan BTI (Brain Trauma Indicator) is a blood sample product that the FDA permitted for use before the decision to further assess head injury with CT scanning.
[88][90] Efforts to manage concussion risk in youth and high school sports include online informational resources designed for coaches and parents.
Another study found a change in the rules associated with tackles, scrums and mauls decrease the number of rugby union players suffering permanent quadriplegia.
[94] A UK-based community study found reductions in injury rates after the removal of monkey bars and increases in depth of the bark beneath equipment.
[94] Ten low-quality studies in a review suggested the beneficial effects of lessons for beginners, mainly composed of children and young adults.
[94] Numerous studies have also suggested that while helmets can be of great use in reducing the risk and severity of head injury, they have little effect on the incidence of concussions.
[95] Sensation seeking and risk-taking behavior appear to be two domains that need to be addressed in order to optimize prevention efforts for traumatic brain injury in this sport.
[95] A review found one multi-agency collaboration in publicising the risks of head injury effective in raising awareness and increasing sales of horse-riding helmets.
[96] The increasing concern over the potential long-term effects of sport-related concussions has heightened scrutiny of the practice of collision sports, particularly American football, with some individuals advocating for its abolition.
[97] Media coverage of professional athletes experiencing irreversible damage after repeated brain trauma and of the under-reported rates and risks of paediatric concussion have heightened awareness surrounding head injury in sports and recreation.
For the consequences of concussion, the UK and Ireland mentioned "Second Impact Syndrome "(22.2%), "Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy" (22.2%) and "Parkinson's disease and other neurological conditions" (11.1%) the most.