[6] Chylothorax leakage commonly occurs in patients with additional complex congenital heart lesions, increasing the risk of underlying vascular anomalies.

[4] Diagnosis of congenital stenosis of the inferior vena cava can be rarely discovered through abdominal CT examinations, and may present with an array of clinical findings dependent on the drainage patterns of the individuals.

[3] Symptomatic relief of venous hypertension, associated with the congenital heart defect, can be achieved through surgery as it reduces the likelihood of hepatic vein thrombosis.

[9] Double balloon dilation involves catheters inserted in the left and right femoral vessels placed parallel to stenotic lesions and inflated simultaneously.

[9] Once the balloons are removed an end-hole catheter is passed over the wires to ensure a moderate systemic pressure drop occurs and then a stent is placed.

[6] Sustained results of increased flow and significant reduction in obstructions following stent implantation occurs from balloon angioplasty treatments.

[3] The genetic occurrence leading to this condition is unknown but current studies identified the disease symptoms presents predominantly in adolescent males.

[3] Difficulties in diagnosis contribute to the low incident rates as many people live asymptomatically with this disease for many years, having no impact on the patients’ life.