Construction surveying

Structures, equipment or architectural details may be located in reference to the floor and the nearest intersection of the arbitrary axes.

Typically national mapping grids have significant distortion and are often not suitable for precise engineering design and construction.

For major infrastructure projects specifically designed low distortion engineering grids can be used, an example being the Transport for London London Survey Grid, or tailored snake projections which can be suitable for long linear infrastructure such as high speed rail.

Surveying equipment, such as levels and theodolites, are used for accurate measurement of angular deviation, horizontal, vertical and slope distances.

With computerisation, electronic distance measurement (EDM), total stations, GNSS surveying and laser scanning have supplemented (and to a large extent supplanted) the traditional optical instruments.

The stakes can be made from wood, metal, plastic, and other materials and typically come in a range of sizes and colors for different purposes.

Sources can include surveying and construction suppliers, and people can also make or order their own for custom applications.

Surveyors use stakes when assessing sites to mark out boundaries, record data, and convey information to other people.

Stakes can also provide information about slope and grading for people getting a job site ready for construction.

[7] A total station is used to record the absolute location of the tunnel walls' (stopes), ceilings (backs), and floors as the drifts of an underground mine are driven.

[citation needed] Building Surveying emerged in the 1970s as a profession in the United Kingdom by a group of technically minded General Practice Surveyors.

Other professional organisations that have building surveyor members include CIOB, ABE, HKIS and RICS.

[citation needed] Chartered Building Surveyors, where many English speaking people buy second homes.