Copper mining in Indonesia

The mines have been accused of causing significant environmental impact through the dumping of tailings and of human rights violations against local communities.

[1] Although later artefacts indicate local metallurgical processing, the raw copper was sourced from outside modern Indonesian through trade.

[5] Since 2009, government policies requiring downstreaming has resulted in Newmont's divestment from the Batu Hijau mine while Freeport McMoran has invested in refineries.

[6] The first copper refinery was opened in 1996 in Gresik, East Java, for the smelting of ores from the Freeport Grasberg mine.

[16] The Grasberg mine has been cited as one of the largest single taxpayers in Indonesia,[3][17] contributing 0.6 percent to Indonesia's GDP (96 percent of the GDP of Mimika Regency where the mine is located) and generating 17.3 billion USD in revenue for the Indonesian government between 1992 and 2017 through taxes, export duties, royalties, and dividends.