Transport in Indonesia
[2] The railway system has five unconnected networks in Java and Sumatra primarily dedicated to transport bulk commodities and long-distance passenger traffic.
Because Indonesia encompasses a sprawling archipelago, maritime shipping provides essential links between different parts of the country.
On the busy crossings between Sumatra, Java, and Bali, multiple car ferries run frequently twenty-four hours per day.
There are also international ferry services between across the Straits of Malacca between Sumatra and Malaysia, and between Singapore and nearby Indonesian islands, such as Batam.
[4] Major ports and harbours include Bitung, Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Palembang, Semarang, Surabaya, and Makassar.
[5] A two-phase "New Tanjung Priok" extension project is currently underway, which will triple the existing annual capacity when fully operational in 2023.
[8] The surge of intercity bus travel in Indonesia took place after the completion of Trans-Java highway section connecting Jakarta and Surabaya in 2018.
Until 2017, the population of regular city buses with various chassis (frames) and bodies reached 274 units spread across twenty different route lines.
The regular city bus service by Perum DAMRI was officially launched on July 20, 1975 with twenty large buses produced by Robur.
The fundamental difference between RMB buses and other buses is that there are various improvements and improvements in service quality such as the addition of interior facilities, security systems, passenger capacity, departure schedules, distances between departures (headway), stopping points (stops), payment methods, crew competence, and payroll systems.
[26][27][28][29][30] Perum DAMRI in collaboration with the Sidoarjo Regency Government inaugurated the Trans Sidoarjo service (as part of the development of the Trans Gerbang Kertasusila agglomeration transportation) with a total of thirty large buses with a high deck design (highdeck) assisted by the Ministry of Transportation of the Republic of Indonesia (Kemenhub RI) on September 21, 2015.
Low passenger occupancy has caused Perum DAMRI to suffer losses, so it has gradually reduced the number of operating buses to ten units.
[32][33][34][35][36] Based on a copy of the letter from the Land Transportation Observation Center (BPTD), as of September 1, 2022, Perum DAMRI has officially stopped all UABK or regular city bus services in Surabaya on the three routes it owns.
[49][50] The implementation of these standards is a differentiator between Transjakarta as a modern city bus with several services such as Kopaja, MetroMini, Koantas Bima, Kopami, Miniarta, Kowanbisata, etc.
[53][54] In comparison with other big cities in Indonesia, the development of urban bus modes in Surabaya is relatively static and slower.
[60] Regular city bus services in Surabaya are divided into three levels of travel class based on differences in accommodation quality.
Economy buses only have routes on arterial roads in the city, the fare is cheaper than the class above it, and can accommodate standing passengers (if the seat capacity is full).
The bus unit has an effective operational schedule between 05.00–17.00 WIB with a waiting time (headway) of at least 25 minutes from each terminal and stopping point.
Some units even add large, eye-catching stickers of commercial product advertisements such as soft drinks, headache medicine, bird feed, footwear, furniture, beds, and so on.
[86][87] Since 2009, some of the regular city bus units owned by Perum DAMRI that are not roadworthy (over fifteen years old) have begun to be rejuvenated and replaced with AC patas buses.
[a] Since mid-2018, Perum DAMRI has replaced some of the bus units on its routes with buses provided by the Ministry of Transportation of the Republic of Indonesia for the 2014 budget year.
In order to implement the Decree of the Minister of Transportation Number 35 of 2003, Perum DAMRI began opening city bus services as integrated buses in Surabaya since 2004.
Intercity buses can only pick up and drop off passengers from points such as Ujung Baru, Barunawati Park and Kedinding Lor.
[105][106][107] A series of traffic accidents due to a bus experiencing brake failure occurred on September 14, 2022 at the Taman Mayangkara red light, Wonokromo.
[110] The temporary suspicion of the Surabaya Police Traffic Unit is that this incident was caused by the bus driver being less careful in maintaining a safe distance.
Cycle rickshaws, called becak in Indonesia, are a regular sight on city roads and provide inexpensive transportation.
Ridesharing companies have become serious competition to both taxicabs and motorcycle taxis (ojek), with the four providers being Gojek, Maxim, Anterin, Grab and others.
However the growth of the number of cars increasingly outpaces the construction of new roads, resulting in frequently crippling traffic jams in large parts in major cities especially in Jakarta, which often also happen on highways.
The high cost of building and maintaining a national highway system means that Indonesia has to outsource the construction and maintenance to private and state-owned companies.
[146] Although the mudik homecoming travel before Lebaran takes place in most Indonesian urban centers, the highlight is on the nation's largest urban agglomeration; Greater Jakarta, as millions of Jakartans exit the city by various means of transportation, overwhelming train stations and airports and also clogging highways, especially the Trans-Java toll road and Java's Northern Coast Road.
