It roughly corresponds to the later province of Nivernais and the modern of department of Nièvre.
Nevers came under the rule of the count of Flanders in the 14th century, and from there, into the possessions of Duke Philip the Bold of Burgundy, briefly reuniting the two lands.
In 1565 Louis Gonzaga became duke of Nivernais by marriage with Henriette of Cleves.
His successor Charles II sold the duchy to Cardinal Mazarin.
The duchy survived until the French Revolution, the last duke being Louis Jules Mancini Mazarini, who lost his title in the Revolution, but survived the Reign of Terror to die of natural causes in 1798.