[1] Symptoms of CCHF may include fever, muscle pains, headache, vomiting due to loss of net saline of basal cells, diarrhea, and bleeding into the skin.

This virus was initially detected in the 1940s, when Soviet troops and local civilians in Crimea experienced a severe hemorrhagic illness.

[7] The CCHFV is typically spread by tick bites or close contact with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected persons or animals.

Prevention involves avoiding tick bites, following safe practices in meat processing plants, and observing universal healthcare precautions.

[1][8] CCHF cases are observed in a wide geographic range including Africa, Russia, the Balkans, the Middle East, and Asia.

[7] The onset of symptoms ushering in the pre-hemorrhagic phase is sudden, with fever, myalgia (muscle ache), dizziness, neck pain and stiffness, backache, headache, sore eyes and photophobia (sensitivity to light).

Typical symptoms include nausea, vomiting (which may progress to severe bleeding and can be fatal if not treated), diarrhea, abdominal pain and sore throat early in the acute infection phase, followed by sharp mood swings, agitations and confusion.

After several days, agitation may be replaced by sleepiness, depression and lassitude, and the abdominal pain may localize to the upper right quadrant, with detectable liver enlargement.

[citation needed] At least 31 different species of ticks from the genera Haemaphysalis and Hyalomma in southeastern Iran have been found to carry the virus.

[16] Wild animals and small mammals, particularly European hare, Middle-African hedgehogs and multimammate rats are the "amplifying hosts" of the virus.

Domestic animals like sheep, goats and cattle can develop high titers of virus in their blood, but tend not to fall ill.[17] The "sporadic infection" of humans is usually caused by a Hyalomma tick bite.

[18] Where mammalian tick infection is common, agricultural regulations require de-ticking farm animals before transportation or delivery for slaughter.

[citation needed] When feverish patients with evidence of bleeding require resuscitation or intensive care, body substance isolation precautions should be taken.

[19] No publication in the scientific literature related to this vaccine exists, which a Turkish virologist called suspicious both because antiquated technology and mouse brain were used to manufacture it.

Finding volunteers may prove challenging, given growing anti-vaccination sentiment and resistance of populations to vaccination against contagious diseases.

Alternatively, many scientists appear to believe that treatment of CCHF with ribavirin is more practical than prevention, but some recently conducted clinical trials appear to counter assumptions of drug efficacy.

[19] In 2011, a Turkish research team led by Erciyes University successfully developed the first non-toxic preventive vaccine, which passed clinical trials.

Ribavirin has shown some efficacy in vitro[23] and has been used by mouth during outbreaks,[citation needed] but there is uncertain evidence to support its use, and this medication can cause serious side effects including hemolytic anemia and liver damage.

[10] Per a WHO map from 2008, Hyalomma ticks occurred south of this latitude across all of the Eurasian continent and Africa, sparing only the islands of Sri Lanka, Indonesia and Japan.

5-49 cases/year were present in South Africa, Central Asia including Pakistan and Afghanistan (but sparing Turkmenistan), in the Middle East only the UAE and the Balkan countries limited to Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro and Albania.

[26] In 2017, the first case of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever since 1967 was reported in the Republic of Crimea, administered by Russia but internationally recognized as part of Ukraine.

[5] A 2014 map by the CDC shows endemic areas (in red) largely unchanged in Africa and the Middle East, but different for the Balkan, including all countries of the former Yugoslavia, and also Greece, but no longer Romania.

[citation needed] In July 2005, authorities reported 41 cases of CCHF in central Turkey's Yozgat Province, with one death.

Poor diagnosis and record keeping caused the extent of the outbreak to be uncertain, though some reports indicated over 100 cases, with a case-fatality rate above 10%.

[citation needed] In July 2014 an 8th person was found to be infected with CCHF at Hayatabad Medical Complex (HMC), Pakistan.

[36] As of 2015[update], sporadic confirmed cases have been reported from Bhuj, Amreli, Sanand, Idar and Vadnagar in Gujarat, India.

[43][44] Between January and October 2016, CCHF outbreaks in Pakistan were reported with highest numbers of cases and deaths during August 2016, just before the festival of Eid-al-Adha (held on September 13–15 in 2016).

[53] In ancient Celtic settlements in the Upper Danube area in Germany, the CCHF virus was detected in archaeological blood samples, indicating that it was endemic at the time.

[citation needed] In 1944, roughly 200 Soviet military agricultural workers were infected by Crimean hemorrhagic fever (CHF), leading to experiments showing a tick-borne viral etiology.

[citation needed] In June 1967, Soviet virologist Mikhail Chumakov registered an isolate from a fatal case that occurred in Samarkand in the Catalogue of Arthropod-borne Viruses.