Jerusalem cross

Other modern usages include on the national flag of Georgia, the Episcopal Church Service Cross, and as a white supremacist symbol.

The "cross-and-crosslets" or Tealby pennies minted under Henry II of England during 1158–1180 have the "Jerusalem cross" on the obverse, with the four crosslets depicted as decussate (diagonal).

[2] The Gelre Armorial (14th century) attributes to the "emperors of Constantinople" (the Latin Empire) a variant of the Jerusalem cross with the four crosslets inscribed in circles.

There is a historiographical tradition that Peter the Great flew a flag with a variant of the Jerusalem cross in his campaign in the White Sea in 1693.

[12] Twenty years later, his son George V would make a similar journey and also get a tattoo of the Jerusalem Cross to commemorate his experience.

[16] The Jerusalem cross is also the symbol of Kairos, a four-day Jesuit retreat that is held for youth in high schools and parishes around the world.

[17] In the 2000s in the United States, the Crusades became an object of focus for some white supremacists along with related iconography including the Jerusalem Cross.

[18][19] Matthew Taylor, who specializes in Christian extremism, said that the Jerusalem cross "doesn't always necessarily connote an endorsement of the Crusades" but far-right and neo-Nazi groups use the symbol.

"[18][15] The president and executive director of the Center for Peace Diplomacy said the cross used in combination with "Deus Vult" form a claim that crusader violence and its atrocities (including the massacre of civilians) was legitimate".

[15] Brad Onishi stated the Jerusalem cross and the Deus Vult are "symbols that are used by white Christian nationalists."

Historically, both tattoos have connections to the Crusades, a series of wars in which Christian armies sought to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim rule in the 11th-13th centuries.

Jerusalem cross based on a cross potent (as commonly realised in early modern heraldry)
The national flag of Georgia
Jerusalem cross on a silver coin of James II of Cyprus (1463–1473)
Jerusalem cross of five Greek crosses (late medieval variant)
The conventional coat of arms of the Kingdom of Jerusalem [ 2 ]
Depiction of the Jerusalem cross on a red (rather than silver) shield as the coat of arms of Godfrey of Bouillon in a 14th-century miniature. [ 3 ]
Godfrey of Bouillon as depicted in a fresco of the Nine Worthies at the Castello della Manta , ca. 1420.