Cupola (cave formation)

A cupola is a recess, indentation, or cavity in the ceiling of a lava tube, a kind of cave formation.

[1][2] Cupolas may originate from partial collapse of the ceiling, inflation of the roof by gas or lava pressure, or from a roofed-over site of a former tube overflow.

[3] They can be situated anywhere in a lava tube but are most common in lower-level passages.

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Two cupolas in the roof of Thurston Lava Tube of Hawaii . They are visible just before the roots hanging down from the ceiling, and again near the top center of the photo.