[1] The declaration must be obtained for many large construction projects in France or its old colonies, especially for infrastructure, before work can begin.
[2] The first part of the declaration is a public inquiry, usually started by a prefect, to collect the views of all affected parties.
Responses from affected parties are considered by a commissioner, who assesses whether the proposal has an overall benefit for the public.
The déclaration d'utilité publique was initially required by article 545 of the Civil Code, which stipulates that property cannot be confiscated except for public purposes and with fair compensation.
[4] But one of the main criticisms levelled at the DUP (Declaration of Public Utility) procedure is that it comes at the end of the process, often when the decision is considered to have already been taken.