[1][2][3] Among the official dynastic history works, the New Book of Tang refers to Dae Joyeong and his state as Sumo Mohe (related to Jurchens and later Manchus) affiliated with Goguryeo.
[4] The Old Book of Tang also states Dae's ethnic background as Mohe but adds that he was "高麗別種" (gaoli biezhong).
[6] The Samguk yusa, a 13th-century collection of Korean history and legends, describes Dae as a Sumo Mohe leader.
[7][8][9][10][11][12] Alexander Kim considers this unlikely since Goguryeo fell in 668 while Dae died in 719, and young men could not receive the rank of general.
Dae Jung-sang allied with the Baishan Mohe leader Geolsa Biu (Korean: 걸사비우; Hanja: 乞四比羽pinyin: Qǐsì bǐyǔ), and the two powers opposed the Tang influence in 698.