This change rarely arises naturally, and is generally the result of regulation by a governing body with the authority to decide what structures are permissible.
Cartel members may agree on such matters as price fixing, total industry output, market shares, allocation of customers, allocation of territories, bid rigging, establishment of common sales agencies (sales agents), and the division of property or profits or combination of these.
It encourages individual initiatives; it determines price of goods through competition, and motivates people to work towards financial independence.
Wrote Henry Wallich, "During the Nazi Reich period the school represented a kind of intellectual resistance movement, requiring great personal courage as well as independence of mind."
The school's members believed in free markets, along with some slight degree of progression in the income tax system and government action to limit monopoly.