[1] Esen attempted to use the captured Zhengtong Emperor to raise a ransom and negotiate a favorable treaty including trade benefits.

Yu Qian believed that a major reason for the defeat in the Tumu Crisis was poor logistics and lack of supplies.

Reserve forces from neighboring provinces such as Shanxi, Shandong and Henan were mobilized to defend the capital and weapon manufacturing was significantly increased.

Then Esen invited the Ming court to send leading officials to escort the Zhengtong Emperor back to the capital, hoping to take more high-ranking hostages.

Inside the city were Shenjiying lying in ambush who would attack the trapped forces using ranged weapons such as firearms and rockets.

[5] On 17 October, Esen realized that, with his forces outnumbered and with any reinforcements being blocked from coming through the Juyong Pass, there was no chance of success.

This was because he saw no advantage keeping him any longer and the Mongol economy relied on their trade with the Ming dynasty so Esen was obligated to reopen negotiations.

[8][9] The Ming dynasty underwent a restructuring of the organization of its armed forces and allowed more oversight from the capital bureaucracy rather than just the eunuchs.

[11] Many of Yu Qian's enemies called for him to be executed by slow slicing but the Zhengtong Emperor reduced his sentence to public beheading.