Degeneracy (biology)

[1][3] Note that this use of the term has practically no relevance to the questionably meaningful concept of evolutionarily degenerate populations that have lost ancestral functions.

More generally, degeneracy is observed in proteins of every functional class (e.g. enzymatic, structural, or regulatory),[4][5] protein complex assemblies,[6] ontogenesis,[7] the nervous system,[8] cell signalling (crosstalk) and numerous other biological contexts reviewed in.

[1] Several theoretical developments have outlined links between degeneracy and important biological measurements related to robustness, complexity, and evolvability.

These include: Because there are many distinct types of systems that undergo heritable variation and selection (see Universal Darwinism), degeneracy has become a highly interdisciplinary topic.

Animal Communication Cultural Variation Ecosystems Epigenetics History and philosophy of science Systems biology Evolution Immunology Artificial life, Computational intelligence Brain Linguistics Oncology Peer Review

Theoretical relationships between biological properties that are important to evolution. For a review of evidence that supports these relationships, see. [ 3 ]