[4] In 2021 she clarified the usage of the term and identified a gap in the language for a word for discrimination against transgender men.
"[6] Transgender men historically did not enjoy much visibility due to lack of awareness that female-to-male transition existed.
The pap smear test is more likely to be inadequate in detecting cervical cancer in transgender men who use masculinizing hormone therapy.
Campaign groups feared for the potential implications for transgender men, erroneously believing and stating that "the proposed legislation for termination of pregnancy in Ireland will only allow women to access abortion" and "thus, trans men in Ireland will be denied abortion access".
The 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey found that 51% of trans men reported being sexually assaulted at least once in their lives[11] compared to only 21.3% of cisgender women.
Despite transgender men and transmasculine people's high rates of sexual assault, many rape and sexual assault crisis centres are not open to men, cis or trans, leading to transmasculine people being put at risk of not having any resources after a sexually-motivated crime.
Trans men may face barriers in reporting hate crimes motivated by transphobia while presenting as male.
[16] Transgender men and transmasculine people are often subjected to malgendering, a type of discrimination which affirms someone's gender in a negative, often malicious way.
Trans men and transmasculine people of colour face a unique discrimination as a result of their race, gender and transgender status intersecting.
[20] However, a number of trans exclusive radical feminist organisations do not welcome transgender men on the basis of their manhood.
Other feminist organisations have adopted trans inclusive radical feminism, which includes trans women and some non-binary people, but may often exclude transgender men on the basis of their manhood due to the gender essentialism still present in radical feminist theory.
[21] Trans exclusionary radical feminists and those sympathetic to the movement have espoused the debunked Rapid Onset Gender Dysphoria theory, with figures such as Abigail Shrier and JK Rowling being among the most vocal figures to promote it, despite a lack of evidence backing up the theory.
Transgender men and transmasculine people may be subjected to butchphobia or be accused of participating in butch flight.
Butchphobia may take the form of ostracization due to proximity to masculinity, usually this is influenced by the propagation of radical feminism in queer spaces[24] - subscribers to radical feminist thought hold a gender essentialist view on gender, which posits that maleness and masculinity are inherently a threat to women.
There is a lack of credible research about how to provide adequate healthcare to transgender men undergoing medical transition, notably with doctors having difficulty diagnosing breast cancer in people who have undergone top surgery.
[30] Trans men are sometimes omitted from discussions about reproductive rights, menstruation, and bodily autonomy because they are seen exclusively as "women's issues".
[33]" The majority of PrEP medications such as Descovy that are meant to prevent contraction of HIV have not been tested for people who were assigned female at birth.
[37] Stigma and negative attitudes towards transmasculine people's manhoods contribute to widespread mental health problems in the community.
[40][41] Ewan Forbes was a Scottish trans man, who in 1968 was challenged to his right to inherit his father's baronetcy by his cousin, through the means of invasive medical testing and procedures.
[43] Sullivan's experiences prompted him to start a campaign against the inclusion of homosexuality as a contraindication for sex reassignment surgery.
[44] in 1976 Sullivan was rejected from a gender dysphoria program at Stanford University due to his identity as a gay trans man.
Sullivan's identity as a gay transgender man had been used against him to prevent him from being able to access sex reassignment surgery and the initial rejection had a profoundly negative affect on his mental heath, which is generally poor amongst transgender men who have experienced discrimination on the basis of their trans manhoood.
Sullivan notes that it looked like he was going to die like a gay man, after contracting AIDS, in spite of Stanford University's rejection of his homosexuality (and therefore also his manhood).
[45] His death, alongside two of his friends, Phillip DeVine and Lisa Lambert, is thought to be a hate crime motivated by his status as a transgender man.
Nissen and Lotter then forced Teena into a car and drove to a meat packing plant in Richardson County, where they beat and raped him.
For example: access to the emergency contraceptive pill is restricted to people who appear as cisgender women in many UK pharmacies and sexual health clinics.
As a result of these kinds of barriers to reproductive health, Teena presented himself as a woman to the police station in order to avoid any delays in assistance.
Several scholars have pointed out the inaccuracies of subsequent film adaptations of the events leading up to Teena's murder in 1993.
[48] Televised coverage also drew criticism, after Saturday Night Live cast member Norm MacDonald remarked "Excuse me if this sounds harsh, but in my mind they all deserved to die"[49][50] during the program's 400th episode broadcast on the 24th February 1996.