[2] He was conspicuous in the fight against Boss Tweed and his followers, by one of whom he was assaulted; he required a long period of rest, and went to Europe, where he studied the workings of the civil service in various countries.
He resigned in 1885, but was almost immediately reappointed by President Grover Cleveland, and served until 1886, editing the 3rd and 4th Reports of the commission.
He died in New York City on December 23, 1899, leaving $100,000 each to Harvard and Columbia universities for the establishments of professorships in government.
(1873), The Independent Movement in New York (1880), Term and Tenure of Office (1882), The Spoils System and Civil Service Reform (1882), Problems of Police Legislation (1895) and The Government of Municipalities (1899).
[1] He also authored, under the pseudonym of "Junius", a series of pamphlets opposing the annexation of Hawaii.