Although converts were promised grants and tax reductions, Lutheran gains were chiefly due to voluntary resettlements from Savonia and Karelia.

Ingria was enfeoffed to noble military and state officials, who brought their own Lutheran servants and workmen to the area.

In 1656 a Russian attack badly damaged the town, and the administrative centre was moved to Narva in neighbouring Swedish Estonia.

The new Russian capital, Saint Petersburg, was founded in 1703 on the site of the Swedish town Nyen (Finnish Nevanlinna, meaning Castle of Neva).

This territory, close to the Neva river's estuary at the Gulf of Finland, is now part of Leningrad Oblast, Russia.