In some cases, we will have to describe aspects that are related to both fields like some conferences or journals which cover the concept of e-service in both domains of e-government and e-business.
Stakeholders, including businesses, investors and even the general public, are interested in information produced by government agencies, and websites can help to increase their transparency and accountability.
Different human, organizational and technological factors, issues and problems pertain in these countries, requiring focused studies and appropriate approaches.
[13] What the experience in these countries shows, is that governments in the developing world can effectively exploit and appropriate the benefits of ICT, but e-government success entails the accommodation of certain unique conditions, needs and obstacles.
The adaptive challenges of e-government go far beyond technology, they call for organizational structures and skills, new forms of leadership, transformation of public-private partnerships (Allen et al., 2001).
This is puzzling when viewed against the limited progress made in other comparable developing countries, especially those located in the same region, sub-Saharan Africa, where the structural and institutional constraints to e-government diffusion are similar.
[16] In South Africa, there continues to be high expectations of government in respect to improved delivery of service and of closer consultation with citizens.
[17] The implementation of e-Government has been widely acclaimed in that it provides new impetus to deliver services quickly and efficiently (Evans & Yen, 2006:208).
[18] In recognition of these benefits, various arms of the South African government have embarked on a number of e-government programmes for example the Batho Pele portal, SARS e-filing, the e-Natis system, electronic processing of grant applications from remote sites, and a large number of departmental information websites.
Also, Electronic Labour Exchange (ELX)is one stop-centre for labor market information, as supervised by the Ministry of Human Resource (MOHR), to enable employers and job seekers to communicate on the same platform.
[19] Through the internet and websites such as USA.gov, an individual can perform actions such as contacting elected officials, find information about the work force such as retirement plans and labor laws, learn about money and consumer issues such as taxes, loans, and welfare, learn about citizenship and obtaining a visa or passport, and other topics such as health and welfare, education, and environmental issues.
Apple develops and sells a wide variety of technological goods and services such as cell phones, music players, and computers.
[23] The global reach of Etsy is seen in nearly every country in the world with 31% of gross merchandise sales occurring outside of the United States.
[24] China's recent realization of the continuing growth of internet usage has caused the government to recognize the need to expand their E-government services.
Internet Plus will help to grow the job market as the government plans to use local citizens for development, and to generate more areas dedicated to technological growth such as Zhongguancun.
[27] There is(are) a wide variety of reasons as to why E-commerce flourishes in China including easy access to mobile internet, low cost of shipping, and a vast selection of cheap, unbranded products.
Due to both spyware and security holes in operating systems, there is a concern that the transactions that consumers undertake have privacy limitations.
For example, by stealthily following online activities, firms can develop fairly accurate descriptions of customer profiles.
(Heiner and lyer, 2007)[31] However, in the last years, one can observe appearing of different e-services and related initiatives in developing countries such as Project Nemmadi, MCA21 Mission Mode Project or Digital India even more, in India; Electronic Government Directorate in Pakistan; The E-government citizen program in Iraq; E-government Development Center in Azerbaijan etc.
Most of the reports and the established criteria focus on assessing the services in terms of infrastructure and public policies ignoring the citizen participation or e-readiness.
[39] To summarize the findings, it can be said that Mauritius is ready but the Mauritians are not” ``E-readiness, as the Economist Intelligence Unit defines, is the measure of a country’s ability to leverage digital channels for communication, commerce and government in order to further economic and social development.
While the latter is worthwhile, efficiency must still remain a key priority for eGovernment given the budget constraints compounded in the future by the costs of an ageing population.
These security concerns, such as hacker attacks and the theft of credit card information, make governments hesitant to provide public online services.
The rash of hacker attacks, Web page defacing, and credit card information being posted on electronic bulletin boards can make many federal agency officials—as well as the general public—reluctant to conduct sensitive government transactions involving personal or financial data over the Internet.” By and Large, Security is one of the major challenges that faces the implementation and development of electronic services.
people want to be assured that they are safe when they are conducting online services and that their information will remain secure and confidential Axelsson et al. (2009)[43] argue that the stakeholder concept-which was originally used in private firms-, can be used in public setting and in the context of e-government.
Some companies monitor their employees' computer usage patterns in order to assess individual or workgroup performance.
Potential Impacts on Society – despite some economic benefits of ICT to individuals, there is evidence that the computer literacy and access gap between the haves and have-nots may be increasing.
Impact on Social Interaction – advancements in ICT and e-Technology solutions have enabled many government functions to become automated and information to be made available online.
Information Security - technological advancements allow government agencies to collect, store and make data available online to individuals and organizations.
Meeting these expectations comes at a price to government agencies where it concerns managing information – more specifically, ease of access; data integrity and accuracy; capacity planning to ensure the timely delivery of data to remote (possibly mobile) sites; and managing the security of corporate and public information.