The user could spend the digital money at any shop accepting eCash, without having to open an account with the vendor first, or transmitting credit card numbers.
[2] In 1990, Chaum together with Moni Naor proposed the first off-line e-cash system, which was also based on blind signatures.
[5] David Chaum opined then “As the Web grew, the average level of sophistication of users dropped.
[4] In Europe, with fewer credit cards and more cash transactions, micropayment technologies made more sense.
As of 2015, the term eCash is used for the digital cash that can be stored on an electronically sensitive card including online or alternative payment portals and mobile applications.