[1] He was born on August 1, 1870, in Jawory, Pomerania, eastern Prussia (now Poland).
[1] He came to America in 1891, and was educated at Harvard University (A.B., 1895; A.M., 1896; Ph.D., 1900), where he was an instructor in fine arts from 1899 to 1903.
He was also an instructor in the history of art at Wellesley College from 1899 to 1902, and thereafter lectured on the same subject at Bradford Academy.
After the outbreak (1914) of the World War I he endeavored to foster a pro-German sentiment among Americans, and with this object in view wrote What Germany Wants (1914) and translated Paul Rohrbach's Der Deutsche Gedanke in der Welt as German World Politics (1915).
In March, 1915, he debated questions of the war with Cecil Chesterton at Carnegie Hall, New York.